Characters in Rutherford's life
Frederick Soddy (1877-1956)
From October 1901 to February 1903, the partnership between Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy at McGill University in Montreal would result in some of the major discoveries in the world of radioactivity: principle of decay, half-life and radioactive family, for instance.
The first face-to-face meeting between the two men did not, however, suggest that they would be able to work together and even less to form an effective pair. But Rutherford, a peerless experimental physicist, needed a chemist of a comparable level. Soddy was that rare pearl that fate placed in his path.
However, when Soddy's departure for England put an end to their collaboration, began a period of tensions, more or less important but above all quite frequent.
Dare I say that it was mainly due to the character of Soddy, haughty, brittle, a little misanthropic and delicately sly? However, five years later, he lived an experience that did not help his character: in December 1908, Ernest Rutherford was awarded a Nobel Prize... in Chemistry, Soddy's domain. And to top it all, this distinction rewarded work that Ernest had made in Montreal... with Soddy.
The British chemist had to wait 13 more years to obtain consolation: in 1921, it was his turn to obtain the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for "his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his research into origin and nature of isotopes. "
Pictures:
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Soddy in the early 1900s. Source: Rutherford and Boltwood: letters on radioactivity, page 201.
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Soddy in 1921. Source: Nobel committee
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Margaret Todd around 1916. Source:Science History Institute
Extract from my novel evoking the first face-to-face meeting between Soddy and Rutherford in March 1901 :
(This extract has not been translated yet).
La société de physique de l’université McGill devait effectivement tenir une réunion le 28 de ce mois et le thème en était « Les corps plus petits que l’atome ». Ernest rassembla tous les documents qu’il possédait pour étayer les conclusions de J. J. sur l’existence de l’électron, ce corpuscule porteur d’une charge électrique, mis en évidence au laboratoire Cavendish quatre ans plus tôt. Un corpuscule mille fois plus léger que l’hydrogène selon les résultats de J. J., mais que l’on retrouvait aussi à l’intérieur de tous les autres atomes. Pourtant, bon nombre de scientifiques niaient encore la réalité de cet étrange « objet », parmi lesquels quelques physiciens, mais surtout des chimistes : selon eux, la matière était composée d’atomes qui s’accrochaient les uns aux autres, se décrochaient, se recombinaient — en respectant toujours le célèbre principe de conservation énoncé par Lavoisier cent douze ans plus tôt dans son Traité élémentaire de chimie. En s’amusant ainsi entre eux, ces atomes confectionnaient de l’eau, du sucre, du bois, des drogues médicinales, des sels minéraux et, par des mélanges plus complexes, ils fabriquaient des organismes vivants comme un arbre, un fruit, un cheval, une mouche, un physicien ou un chimiste. Il n’y avait donc rien de plus petit que ces atomes, briques élémentaires et essentielles de toutes les substances du monde connu. Et il les chimistes se refusaient à renier cet axiome.
Comme il l’annonça à J. J. dans un courrier qu’il lui écrivit la veille de la confrontation, l’idée de Rutherford était d’aller à cette réunion pour y « démolir les chimistes ». Or ces derniers avaient à peu près la même ambition vis-à-vis des physiciens, ces hérétiques prêts à abjurer la théorie atomique.
L’amphithéâtre était plein : chaque camp était venu soutenir son champion. Pour les chimistes, c’était Frederick Soddy, un dandy de 23 ans arrivé d’Oxford six mois plus tôt. Il avait traversé l’Atlantique après avoir transmis sa candidature pour devenir professeur à l’université de Toronto ; mais il avait dû se rabattre sur un rôle de démonstrateur à Montréal en apprenant que le poste qu’il visait avait été pourvu avant même qu’il atteigne la capitale de l’Ontario. Ernest l’avait croisé à plusieurs reprises dans le bâtiment où lui-même travaillait : spécialisé dans l’analyse des gaz, Soddy étudiait à cette période l’action de la lumière sur le chlore ; il lui fallait pour cela réaliser des mesures de température d’une grande précision ; le seul endroit disposant du matériel adéquat était, grâce à Callendar et Barnes, le Macdonald Physics Building. Mais Rutherford et Soddy ne s’étaient jamais adressé la parole autrement que pour se saluer. Ils représentaient par ailleurs l’exacte antithèse l’un de l’autre — l’Anglais élégant et hautain et le Néo-Zélandais rustre et fier — et n’avaient finalement qu’un unique point commun : le mépris avec lequel ils considéraient tous deux la spécialité de l’autre. Un tel état d’esprit promettait de l’animation au cours du débat prévu ce 28 mars.
This notion of isotope, Soddy was not the only one to think about it. But he was the first to broach the subject in articles dated 1913.
But where does this word, "isotope", known today even outside the scientific world, come from?
The first answer would be to say it comes from Greek, and that would be absolutely correct. But it's not its etymology that I wanted to talk about.
I will therefore ask my question differently: where was this word born and who gave it birth?
Say "Glasgow" and "Margaret Todd" and you'll be right on all counts.
For more explanation look further down this page.
Sources :
McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Volume II, 1895-1971, Stanley Brice Frost
Margaret Todd (1859-1918) and Sophia Jex-Blake (1840-1912) were both medical doctors, but they were also a couple for life. Two reasons to consider them pioneers.
But what is the connection between Todd and Soddy? A dinner party in Glasgow in 1913. Dava Sobel, an American writer, tells the story in his article "A Seat at the Table", on the Science History Institute website (Sciencehistory.org):
Margaret Todd contributed only a single word to the scientific literature, but it was the perfect word for an as-yet-unnamed and ultra-important entity. The word popped up at a dinner party held in Glasgow in 1913, though unfortunately none there recorded the exact date. Todd, who had been one of the first to attend the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women when it opened in 1886 and who had only just returned to Scotland after living in England for several years, was the guest that night of the prominent industrial chemist George Beilby and his wife, Emma. Their daughter, Winifred, was also present, along with her husband, Frederick Soddy, who had worked with Ernest Rutherford at McGill University in Montreal. There the two had demonstrated that radioactive elements decay into other elements. Dinner conversation at the Beilbys’ naturally turned to more recent questions in radiochemistry, specifically to the 35 radioactive disintegration products that refused to fit into the available spaces on the periodic table. These were not new elements per se but new versions of existing elements that differed from their cognates in only one regard, their atomic weight. Soddy had been calling these misfits “radio elements chemically non-separable,” but it made for a clumsy mouthful. Todd, who had studied Greek as an undergraduate and wrote novels in addition to practicing medicine, considered the nomenclature problem: these same-but-not-the-same elements deserved to share the name of their chemically identical sibling and to stand with them in the same places on the periodic table. The Greek words isos topos came to her, meaning same place. “Isotope,” she suggested, and Soddy adopted it immediately. Isotope appeared in his published papers that same year, and in 1921, when he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, his citation made mention of “his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.” Today the building that was once the Beilby residence bears a plaque certifying its distinction as the site of the dinner party that birthed the word.